The Privatization Of Fossil Fuel Reform - 2260 Words

For many years, the Government of Indonesia has attempted to scrap fossil fuel subsidies in Indonesia. However, to this point, these attempts have failed at the implementation stage. This essay will examine challenges of fossil fuel subsidy reform first by outlining the trials of fossil fuel reform efforts in Indonesia, including political and economic factors underpinning problems. It will then discuss the key challenges implementation of these policies entails. Many developing countries, including Indonesia, have subsidized fossil fuels for decades. This program was started to help the poor, keeping their cost of living low cost of living for the poor (The Economist 2014). However, because the people of Indonesia have enjoyed low prices for fossil fuel for more than 40 years, people are resistant to the idea of raising the fuel prices. Gus Dur’s cabinet decided to raise fossil fuel prices by more than 9 percent in October 2000, and it resulted in large-scale public protests (Beaton Lontoh 2010). It was a risky attempt, because the people of Indonesia had just passed through a devastating political transition period from the Soeharto era, as well as dealing with the adverse effects of the Asian monetary crisis during 1997-98. During this period street riots became a medium for the people to express their disagreement toward certain policies. People were frustrated, and interest groups took advantage of this phenomenon for their own political interests. To this dayShow MoreRelatedMicro Economics : Energy Industry1327 Words   |  6 PagesIndustry operates on disintegrating and obsolete market models. The Industry is discriminated by the gas industry that continues to line its pockets. Despite being urgent, climate policy remains controversial among decisions makers. Australian fossil fuels exports are stuck under the global forces threats (Simshauser and Whish-Wilson 2017). The main objective for reforming the industry remain precise: offer reliable, affordable as well as low-carbon energy services to both business and householdsRead MoreThe Soviet Union During The Cold War1702 Words   |  7 Pages In 1989, history in the West abruptly shifted course. The communist regimes in Eastern Europe fell, severing these nations’ ties to the Soviet Union and sparking unprecedented political and economic reforms. Two years later, the Soviet Union itself disintegrated. The Cold War ended along with it, a sharply defined historical era stretching back to 1914. The end of the Cold War renewed the commitment to democracy and capitalism in the West, accelerated the existing movement toward unification inRead MoreIndonesi A High Rate Of Political Risk2021 Words   |  9 PagesEconomic Structures Indonesia’s current economic issues include: infrastructure, religious intolerance, terrorism, improving the education system, decreasing corruption, decreasing unemployment, and lastly, implementing much needed economic and financial reform structures. Religious intolerance is a major concern in Indonesia. Religious freedom in Indonesia requires that politicians stop using Islamist fringe groups for their own ends. It also requires that the government extend official recognition beyondRead MoreInternational Monetary Fund ( Imf )3071 Words   |  13 Pagesin domestic finance; big and insistent fiscal scarcities; external or public debt at high level; inappropriately fixed exchange rates levels; armed battles or an unexpected as well as strong increase in price of basic commodities like food items or fuel and natural disasters. Some of the aspects may directly impact a trade account, dipping exports or growing imports of a country. Others can minimize availability of finance t owards transactions at global level, for instance, there may be loss on confidenceRead MoreThe People s Democratic Republic Of Algeria2289 Words   |  10 Pagesreasons. Although the country has not been affected by the Arab spring, the neighboring countries were deeply touched and the situation threatened the stability of Algeria. After this tumultuous period, in 2011, the government introduced some political reforms such as end to state-of-emergency restrictions on civil liberties that was put in place 19 years before. Today’s low performances and lacking infrastructure were partially a result of the government’s choice of a socialist model after the country’sRead MoreFinancial System of Kazakhstan4569 Words   |  19 Pagesvarious concepts of world economic thought on increase of a role of the finance, money and the credit in management of national economy. The financial sector of Kazakhstan is the largest financial sector in Central Asia. It possesses enormous fossil fuel reserves as well as minerals and metals. It also has considerable agricultural potential with its vast steppe lands accommodating both livestock and grain production, as well as developed space infrastructure, which took over all launches to theRead MoreA Brief Note On The Kingdom Of Morocco1945 Words   |  8 Pagesthis day. King Muhammad VI has faced many different issues during his rule, the two largest being terrorism and political reform. The Arab Spring events that took place in Egypt and Tunisia in 2011 did not go by the people of Morocco unnoticed. Thousands of Moroccan pro democracy protesters began rallying and peacefully demanding King Mohammad VI give up some of his power and reform the constitution to provide more civil liberties and clamp down on government corruption. To end the civil unrest KingRead MoreA Short History of Progress2404 Words   |  1 0 Pageslogging became scarce, and wars broke out for those sparse resources. In Sumer similar environmental destruction occurred (i.e. overgrazing, land clearing), which should alarm the world population of today of what may become of the high levels of fossil fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and land clearing, which can easily lead to the same outcomes experienced in Easter Island and Sumer. It is important to look at these fallen civilizations, examine what exactly happened, critique why the issueRead MoreJapan s Influence On Japan2395 Words   |  10 PagesTrade Representative, its largest imports from the United States include: Vehicles, Machinery, and Medical Equipment (United States Trade Representative). From other countries, its overall major imports from other countries include: raw materials, fossil fuel, and oil (Gateway to Japan). Its largest exports include: Vehicles, Vehicles Parts, Integrated Circuits, and Machinery (Observatory of Economic Complexity). Foreign Direct Investment Policy Japan has succeeded in attracting foreign investmentRead MoreThe Interacting Mechanisms of a Globalized World2367 Words   |  9 Pageswould come in with few skills and be exploited for cheap labor in factories with terrible working conditions. Eventually, many of these immigrants and their children started to speak out about these injustices and forced reform. This ushered in a progressive wave of pro-worker reforms like child-labor laws, and minimum wage. This era did not last long, due to globalization and the ability to find cheap, exploitable labor outside of the United States. This move away from progressivism ushered in the

The Madwoman in the Attic by Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar

Oftentimes literature can have a profound impact on not only individuals, but on the entirety of the society in question. The written word has more than proven to be an important tool used to challenge societal norms as well as cultural expectations, to shake the framework of society and act as a harbinger of changes that trickle through and flood the socio-political orders that be. This was particularly true for the nineteenth-century female writer who was â€Å"enclosed in the architecture of an overwhelmingly male-dominated society† (Gilbert and Gubar). As the authors of The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar point out, there existed at the time â€Å"a common, female impulse to struggle free from social and literary confinement through strategic redefinitions of self, art, and society† (Gilbert and Gubar). One would have difficulty fully understanding social facets of the Victorian e ra without making an effort to first understand the plight of emerging female writers during this time period, especially noting that some sought male-sounding pseudonyms in order to secure their publications, and to be taken seriously as novelists and authors. Charlotte Bronte and Elizabeth Barrett Browning are two such female writers who actively sought to redefine society through their work—in particular, the expectations women were meant to make realities. Bronte’s 1847 novel entitled Jane Eyre and Browning’s 1856Show MoreRelated Exposing the Role of Women in The Madwoman in the Attic Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesExposing the Role of Women in The Madwoman in the Attic  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   In their book The Madwoman in the Attic, Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar address the issue of literary potential for women in a world shaped by and for men. Specifically, Gilbert and Gubar are concerned with the nineteenth century woman and how her role was based on her association with the symbols of angels, monsters, or sometimes both. Because the role of angel was ideally passive and the role of monster was naturally evil, bothRead MoreEssay on Feminist Theory in Heart of Darkness1199 Words   |  5 Pagesargue the novel is gendered feminine. Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar claim â€Å"Conrad’s Heart of Darkness†¦penetrates more ironically and thus more inquiringly into the dark core of otherness that had so disturbed the patriarchal, the imperialist, and the psychoanalytic imaginations†¦Conrad designs for Marlow a pilgrimage whose guides and goal are†¦eerily female† (DeKoven 233). This short essay will use Joseph Conrad’s novel Heart of Darkness to highlight Gilbert and Gubar’s theory of angel/monster dichotomyRead MoreThe Madwoman in the Attic4718 Words   |  19 Pages23-41 OPEN ACCESS ISSN 2220-4504 www.ieit-web.org/apscj Women’s Secret Language: the Madwoman in the Attic in a Cultural and Psychological Context JIA Shi 1 1 The University of Iowa E-Mails: daisy-wreath@hotmail.com Received: Apr. 2011 / Accepted: May 2011 / In Press: May 2011 / Published: Jun. 2011 Abstract: As an outstanding representative of the second-wave feminism, The Madwoman in the Attic is still useful in handling the relationship between women and language, especially whenRead MoreRelationship Between Emma Woodhouse And George Knightley1089 Words   |  5 Pagessame rank as his own, with a little money, it might be very desirable†. (Austen 30). Marriage doesn’t serve as the only expectation for women. From The Madwoman in the Attic, they are required to have an angelic personality, which is the idea of never resisting the dominant male culture, or questioning ones’ own place within society. (Gilbert and Gubar, 21). However, Emma Woodhouse both conforms and rejects the angelic personality. She only conforms when required to, at formal gatherings for exampleRead More The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination2194 Words   |  9 PagesThe Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Centu ry Literary Imagination And the lady of the house was seen only as she appears in each room, according to the nature of the lord of the room. None saw the whole of her, none but herself. For the light which she was was both her mirror and her body. None could tell the whole of her, none but herself (Laura Riding qtd. by Gilbert Gubar, 3). Beginning Gibert and Gubar’s piece about the position of female writers duringRead MoreLimits and Challenges of the Feminist Critical Approach2835 Words   |  12 Pagesaspects of theory put forth by three prominent feminist critics, while also considering the arguments raised by three à ©criture feminine scholars. The feminist critics to be considered in this essay are Simone de Beauvoir, Elaine Showalter, Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar. Their arguments about the role of sexual difference, the depiction of females in a binary oppositions to male characters and authors, as well as the sociological statements that these roles make shall, be discussed by themselves. TheRead MoreThe Feminist Approach2232 Words   |  9 Pagesaspects of theory put forth by three prominent feminist critics, while also considering the arguments raised by three à ©criture feminine scholars. The feminist critics to be considered in this essay are Simone de Beauvoir, Elaine Showalter, Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar. Their arguments about the role of sexual difference, the depiction of females in a binary oppositions to male characters and authors, as well as the sociological statements that these roles make shall be discussed. The à ©criture feminineRead MoreEssay on Doubles in Jane Eyre2194 Words   |  9 Pagesbetween Jane and Bertha is the foundation to Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gruber’s argument that the climax of the novel, when Jane is confronted with Bertha as Rochester’s still-living wife, is actually representative of a confrontation within Jane; a confrontation â€Å"with her own imprisoned ‘hunger, rebellion, and rage’, a secret dialogue of self and soul on whose outcome†¦the novel’s plot, Rochester’s fate, and Jane’s coming-of-age all depend† (Gilbert Gubar 339). Bertha then, is a reflection of Jane’sRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1601 Words   |  7 Pagesrepresentation of the fem ale Victorian writer, trapped in the â€Å"attic† of societal conventions and labeled as a madwoman for her passionate display of emotion (Gilbert and Gubar 7). The only way that Bertha was able to show her power is through unacceptable displays of emotion and arson. Female writers who wrote about unacceptable and taboo ideas, or anything at all, were often labeled as inferior and too passionate, like Bertha (Gilbert and Gubar 12). Rochester called her  intemperate and unchaste (Brontà «Read More Mothers in Jane Austens Sense and Sensibility Essay1517 Words   |  7 Pagescompliments and attention, Fanny Dashwood desires money. Their poor mothering skills, however, are not surprising, but merely reflect Austens clear portrayal of them as shallow individuals with unbalanced values. In Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubars now-classic The Madwoman in the Attic, they discuss a strange breed of women in Austen novels that, unlike the heroines, are angry, ruthless, and powerful. Often, they are mothers or surrogate mothers who seek to destroy their docile children (170).

Dentistry, A Suicidal Profession - 972 Words

Dentistry, a Suicidal Profession Dentists are doctors, trained to diagnose and treat problems related to the oral cavity; commonly known as the tooth doctor. Moreover, they are highly trained individuals who have worked their way through four years of college and four rigorous years of dental school. One might assume a dentist would be satisfied with the high achievements they have accomplished with their life. Although this may be true, dentists have to overcome significant obstacles to advance to the pinnacle of their profession. They might earn a large salary, but shockingly a dentist’s suicide rate is twice the rate of the general human population (â€Å"Lang, Randy†)! Even though becoming a dentist might look from the outside to be an awarding and prospering career; dentists are in the highest percentile for suicide rates due to a variety of stresses they encounter throughout their work experience. There are extensive factors that may affect a dentist’s stress levels leading towards depression and suicide. One factor that is present in every dentist’s life is the interminable journey of medical school. Studying for rigorous finals and economic pressure from the student loans collected over the years are two leading stressors. The average debt of a dental school graduate is $247,227. Holding ownership of six figure loans with interest is an enormous burden. Even with that much debt to handle; however, a number of dentists decide to open up their own private practice.Show MoreRelatedSuicide : A High Risk Of Suicide1777 Words   |  8 PagesMany people think of dentistry and other healthcare careers as stressful professions and the media has repeatedly represented dentists as health care workers that are at a high risk of committing suicides. Although suicide is fatal, in cases of surviving of an attempt, it still has physically and psychologically devastating con sequences not only for the suicide attempt survivors but also for their relatives and close friends1. This paper reviews the studies about suicide among the dentists to analyseRead MoreResearch Awareness Essay examples5838 Words   |  24 Pagesselected the options of ‘abstract available’, ‘English language’, ‘human’, then I selected the age related option of ‘adolescent 13-18’, then selected ‘Nursing’ under the journal subset option in order to produce results that are relevant to my profession. This search produced 3237 results of widely varied pieces of literature, which was, again too many, of the first 25 results some were not at all relevant to my search requirements. There were however, some that were interesting from a child nursingRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pages6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\H3962.IH H3962 733 1 States and requires as a condition of such certifi- 2 cation each of the following: 3 ‘‘(i) The individual has a qualifying cre- 4 dential in a specified health care profession. 5 ‘‘(ii) The individual has professional prac- 6 tice experience in diabetes self-management 7 training that includes a minimum number of 8 hours and years of experience in such training. 9 ‘‘(iii) The individual has

High Frequency Of Sexual Assaults On Campuses - 950 Words

I didn’t know â€Å"I didn’t know†¦Ã¢â‚¬  that is what all the students on campus say, when they are being forced into the back of a uniform vehicle. In college, there are many contributing factors to the high frequency of sexual assaults on campuses. Well of course they would not have known as they were most under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol. Another factor would be their living environment, and the societal norms. Drugs also lead to the occurrences of sexual assaults on college campuses. There are many drugs that people use, known as â€Å"date rape† drugs. Drugs such as Gamma Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), Rohypnol, and Ketamine. GHB, also known as â€Å"Bedtime Scoop†, â€Å"Liquid Ecstasy†, or â€Å"Easy Lay†, are drugs made at the home, or in â€Å"street labs†. They have many effects such as loss of consciousness, seizers, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, and possibly death. In addition drugs such as Rohypnol, commonly known as â€Å"Roofies†, â€Å"Trip-and-Fall†, or â€Å"Mind Erasers† are pills that dissolve in liquids. They cause people to become weak and confused, or even lose consciousness, so that they are unable to look after themselves. When drugged, people may have a loss memory of what happened while they were impaired. Lastly, Ketamine, also known as â€Å"Psychedelic Heroin†, â€Å"Special K†, â€Å"Kit Kat†, or â€Å"Super Acid† comes as a white powder, or as a liquid. When drugged, people may be aware of what is happening to them, but they are unable to move. It also causes memory loss. There are many innovations thatShow MoreRelatedTeaching A Child Respect And Self Control From A Young Age944 Words   |  4 Pagesaffect sexual assault rates, it is important to first note how much a role alcohol plays in the occurrence of sexual assault and the types of rapists currently profiled today, in addition to what victimization and revictimization mean. According to Abbey, Buck, Clinton, McAuslan, and Zawacki s research published in 2001, Alcohol and Sexual Assault, despite how often â€Å"alcohol consumption and sexual assault frequently co-occur, this phenomenon does not prove that alcohol use causes sexual assaultRead MoreHigh School And College Campuses947 Words   |  4 Pagesand punishment programs can be enforced in high school and college campuses to discourage and prevent: extensive use of alcohol to the point of alcohol poisoning potentially leading to the death of the individual(s), prevention of reckless sexual behavior, date rape and other sexual violence. By enforcing more and effective programs through means of education, prevention and punishment the frequency of these actions in high schools and college campuses will decrease substantially. Furthermore, allRead MoreStephen F. Austin Is Not High On The Crime Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesStephen F. Austin is not high on the crime list compared to other univer sities, but it is not completely sound either. Last year, around the spring semester, there were several rumored cases of young women being beaten by an unidentified male. Due to these rumors many students did not feel safe walking around campus, especially at night. In the Crime Log for Stephen F. Austin there were a reported of twenty-four burglaries from 2013-2015, and four reported forcible assaults with three of them occurringRead MoreSexual Assault And Sexual Assaults2636 Words   |  11 PagesAbstract Sexual assaults are a crime, and can happen to a female or a male. In this paper I’m going to share my research of what is sexual assault, what are some causes of sexual assault, and most importantly what are some ways to prevent a sexual assault. Introduction â€Å"I felt his hands start to move down towards my shorts as if he was trying to unbutton them or pull them off. I was still crying at this point and felt so scared that I couldn t move† (Henneberger). This was written by a freshmanRead MoreThe Effects Of Sexual Harassment On Children1421 Words   |  6 Pagesschool or university staffs, students as well as the teaching assistants in the form of sexual assaults. In the Falconer report, the advisory committee held that around 4200 girls aged between 9 to 19 years of age has experienced sexual harassment (Yousaf Schmiede, 2016). It is of great concern that sexual harassment is widespread in the educational institutions worldwide. A considerable amount of illicit sexual advances have been also made by the administrators, educators, school staffs, visitorsRead MoreSexual Assault Has Been The People V. Turner861 Words   |  4 Pagesthe biggest topics that often dominates the news and blogosphere concerned the high frequency of assaults on college campuses around the country. In the place where many young adults begin to learn who they are and who they want to be while enjoying a comfortable freedom and safety among t heir peers discovered freedom and safety could not always be guaranteed. One of the most discussed topics surrounded sexual assault has been the People v. Turner. Brock Turner was an undergraduate student at StanfordRead MoreThe Effects Of Sexual Assaults On College Campuses2563 Words   |  11 PagesBrittany Hull Professor Nelson English 1B 19 May 2016 It’s on Us On college campuses across the nation, more sexual assaults have begun to surface, but only a few of these assaults get attention. Sexual assaults can be a very touchy subject meaning that a lot of people, friends and even college counselors or therapists advise the victims not to speak up about the incident. I believe that most of the time administration tries to protect the attacker rather than look out for the victim. BecauseRead MoreSexual Assault And Rape Should Be Acquitted Without Penalty Essay2238 Words   |  9 PagesYes Means Yes Sexual Assault has always been a topic in need of being addressed, yet it has not always been. In recent years, sexual assault has not necessarily become more prevalent, but more addressed by those who can make a difference in its frequency. Sexual assault began with a vague definition that placed very limited parameters on the actions of perpetrators. It was only considered rape when physical violence ensued, and only when said physical violence was proven in the court of law withRead MoreUnderage College Students And Binge Drinking Essay1680 Words   |  7 Pagescreated by these [underlying] conditions may generate one or more incidents. These incidents while stemming from a common source, may appear to be non-related (Eck and Spelman, 1987). Nationwide, the recurring problem amongst many if not all college campuses are to acknowledge the act of binge drinking, the consumption of five to four drinks in a row itself as a significant precursor to criminal behavior or victimization (Wechsler, Lee, Kuo, Lee, 2000a).Alongside the identified limit, Wechsler et alRead MoreBinge Drinking4668 Words   |  19 Pagesa problem that has continued to have a toll on the lives of college students despite efforts by the government and school administrators to curb the trend. Many studies have been conducted to reveal the facts behind binge drinking in colleges and campuses. It is clear that for the problem of binge drinking in colleges to be resolved, it must all start by understanding the factors that influence college students to engage in this behaviour and the impacts that binge drinking have had on the lives of

The Case Of Japan With Saigo Takamori - 1463 Words

The world is full of government, each one with people who believe that it should be changed in order to progress. This is the case of Japan with Saigo Takamori in 1877and Nazi Germany with Claus von Stauffenberg in 1944. Both were respectable warriors who believed that the current government was damaging their country’s honor and a transformation was needed, and because of this they decided to betray their countries. The difference between this to men comes to the origin of why they betrayed their country, the society of the time, who they were against, and the aftermath of their actions. When such factors are taken into consideration, Claus von Stauffenberg’s actions of disloyalty for his government for the greater good should be held in higher regard in public memory. Japan in at the end of the nineteenth century was going through a change in government. The old system, the shogunate, had been toppled by a group of intellectual, Saigo included, and the power returned to the Emperor. Japan’s new government was becoming starting to go through a process of westernization, and the samurais were paying the price. In 1877 samurai stipends were eliminated and the carrying of weapons prohibited. Saigo believed that the samurai class represented the epitome of honor and self-valor, so he decided to confront the government over their actions and on September 24, 1887 he died in battle. Honor and courage were very important for Saigo, because of this he believed that a true warriorShow MoreRelatedWhat Were The Consequences Of Political And Nationalistic Revolutions?1799 Words   |  8 Pagesnationalistic revolutions? What factors contributed to the growth of nation-states and the rise of nationalism? How did the growth of nation-states in Europe differ from that in the rest of the world? How was China weakened by European influence? How did Japan build itself into a world power in a short time? Content Standards Addressed: Content Standards Addressed: WHG 6.1.5 Interpreting Europe’s Increasing Global Power – Describe Europe’s increasing global power between 1500 and 1900, and evaluate theRead MoreThe Japanese Castles And Power During The Nineteenth Century3372 Words   |  14 PagesTo understand the Japanese castles, one must immerse in history of the country. Japan despite a very different culture, like the old continent, also had a medieval time. Different regions were then divided into small entities over which ruled a local lord. The equivalence would be Dukes or Counts. The Emperor of divine ancestry, could be seen as the Pope while the Shogun was in charge of the power of the reigning emperor. This feudal system then required to have stronghold, but it is only with the

General and Limited Partnerships System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the General and Limited Partnerships System. Answer: Introdction: Partnership is a business activity that focuses on running and operating a business entity, similar to its counterparts, sole proprietorship and a private of public company running business. Though, there are several laws and legislations that rule over the businesses in various territorial or foreign boundaries of the country, the sole objective and its definition remains the same in the Australian Continent. To proceed with a partnership business, the parties, whether be two or more, are inclined to sign in on a legal agreement. It is essential that the legal papers contain all the necessary information and conditions that are required in the contract; this may include details on how the partnership firm might operate and run its transactions in consent to all signed parties. Though, if it is seen that the collaboration of the said parties is for the sole purpose of concluding a transactional deal, it would be referred to a Joint Venture. It is contemporary for a partnership deed t o provide equal benefits and rights to all the partners regardless of any differences; its considered a necessary contractual term. It has been made mandatory by law that all parties who have signed in the deed are tied to the actions committed by one another and are the representatives of the firm, hence, if it is seen that one of the many parties have agreed to a contractual agreement relating to the business operation, the other parties are bound by law to have equal contribution regarding the action done by the first partner. It is essential for a partnership firm to be motivated by profit, if not, then such an organization cannot be recognized as a partnership firm as stated within the Partnership Act (Callison Sullivan, 2012). Within Australia, the laws that govern the various legislations of the partnership firm are very thoroughly laid down with the Partnership Act of 1963. In the case assigned, it is necessary of us to first examine any situation that point to the fact that our members, Violet, Sony, Mary and Rose have successfully made an agreement in a partnership deed and are partners by law, or not. If it comes to it that they truly are partners, then that would mean, they are lawfully liable for each others actions, equally, to an effected third person entity. The legitimacy of their deed will be determined while examining the various partnership elements. The objective here is to determine whether the partners stated above, namely Violet, Sony, Mary and Rose are bound by partnership deed or not by discussing the various laws under the act. It was given to us by Morse (2010) that when a number of individuals come together with the objective of profit making and get involved in several business activities, it is referred to as partnership. As stated before, a legal partnership deed, bound by law, is necessary for the partnerships legitimacy. It was stated in Smith v Anderson (1880) 15 Ch D 247 at 273 case that partnership is when two or more fixed entities come together to form a bond which stays together in the times of both loss and profit, in order to fulfil similar objectives. Though, by the decree of the Partnership Act, the number of select partners has been limited. It was in the Green v Beesley (1835) 2 Bing N C 108 at 112 case the concept of partnership was referred as Mutual Preparation without formation of any legal entity. The actions of partners as representatives or agents were stated in the Lang v James Morrison Co Ltd (1911) 13 CLR 1 at 11 cases. The Partnership Act 1963 (PA) derived from section 6 provides a picture of a partnership firm along with the profit making objective in an incorporated type of partnership. An external type partnership is also defined in this section. It is provided to us that both Mary and Rose are involved in a business shop, that they named Busy Bee Florists. That would mean that the couple had signed a deed which binds them to whatever action taken by one another in a business scenario. The business was suffering a loss due to the unpredicted drought and extremely hot climate. The partners had had applied for a loan from a bank as per the provisions, which includes an equal distribution of both losses and profits. A third party, Violet was given a share in the profit sharing by Rose in exchange for a loan, since the action was done with accordance to the partnership, it is legal. Similarly, Mary, in exchange for loan, gave away another share of profit to an employee named Sonny. After getting the credit, the old partners take vacation, informing the bank of the inclusion of Violet and Sonny in the firm, which was suffering heavy losses. The objective is to identify the legitimacy of entry of new partners and their part regardi ng the bank credit. The contractual terms that Violet was provided by Rose in exchange for a sum of $20000 as credit are stated in this section. Violet is assigned to 20% of profits which also includes the losses, empowering her with the power to go through the businesss accounting statements. She has right to provide statements for business in the firm at a quarterly basis. The final condition would be that the credit facilitated by her would be considered a mere credit and she will not be included in the partnership deed. This document was signed before the credit was provided by Violet. The legitimacy of a partnership contract executed by the parties and their relation is judged by Section 7 under Partnership Act. Sub-Section 2-4 of Section 7(1) exemplifies the various laws and provisions that portray the relationship of such a partnership deed among the parties. Ruddock (1879) 5 VLR (IP M) 51 case has made it very clear that even in situations where the agreement clearly states that the entity in question may not enter the partnership, if certain conditions are fulfilled, the entity will be entitled as partners contradicting the statement of the agreement. These conditions may also include the basic right of distribution of the profit sharing ratio. This shows that words of an agreement might be contradicted if conditions are fulfilled. Canny Gabriel Castle Advertising Pty Ltd Anor v Volume Sales (Finance) Pty Ltd (1974) 131 CLR 321 case was when the business agreement of the parties provided that their activities are solely a supposed joint venture but the court ruled otherwise. As per the law, it was seen that the deed was neither a loan agreement nor joint venture. In-fact, it was partnership deed as both the entities had the same goal of profit making, which was decided to be distributed equally. Cox v Hickman (1880) 8 HL Cas 268 and Television Broadcasters Ltd v Ashtons Nominees Pty Ltd (No 1) (1979) 22 SASR 552 case discussed the provision in the Partnership act that bring clarity to the situation where a profit sharing evidence, that is a receipt can be used to state the various relationships in a business firm, just variation in profit wont solidify anything about the entities being in a partnership contract. Wiltshire v Kuenzli (1945) 63 WN 47 case made it clear that to find out whether two or more entities are tied together in a partnership contract, the court of law, firstly has to consider all the circumstances that play an important part in the said case. If the entities involved agree to the fact that they themselves had decided to form a partnership, any third party which is not involved in the case cannot subjugate its opinion and say otherwise. If in case the parties refuse to agree to the fact that a partnership was formed, a thorough examination will be done. In case, clean evidences are available to support either of the claims, the decision can easily be made. In the presented situation, it can be seen that Violet was totally OK with taking her share of the profit sharing ratio, not just that, she extended the contract further more on her favour by wanting to have more power in viewing the businesss accounting statements. It was clearly stated in the laws and cases discussed above that even when the transactional statements deny the fact that an entity is to become a potential partner, it the partnership conditions are met and fulfilled. Hence, even if the contractual terms state the non existence of Violet as a potential partner, her actions and demands will make her liable to hold her position as a partner anyway. As stated above, seeing how Violet isnt just sharing profits and losses with the other partners in her profit sharing ratio that is 20%, but is also capable of viewing and examining the various accounting statements of the business firm. It was also stated that Violet was given the rights to quarterly present statements regarding business to the other partners. This shows that Violet doesnt only carry the power to influence her opinion in the business activities, but also has a part to play in its operations, hence, making her a primary partner. Sonnys Legal Position It was stated in the Partnership Acts Section 7(4)(b) that if an entity gets to have a share of profit in the business firm, that will not imply the possibility that the person receiving the profit share will become a partner. It was indicated in the act that if an entity gives away an amount to the firm as credit, then the business can resort to paying a certain amount of credit interest or can simply assign a profit share to the entity in question, in the Section 7(4) (d). This, in no way will imply towards a possible addition of partner. Sonny, an employee of the firm, in the case had credited Mary with a sum of $10000 against a few conditions. One of those conditions would be her getting 1/8th profit sharing ratio in the firms losses and profits. As said in the previous cases, a mere division of profit will not result to the new entity becoming an integral part of the firms partnership deed. It was extensively clarified even in the sections 7(4)(b) and (d) of the partnership act. The fact that merely giving away a part of the firms overall profits to an entity will in no way make him a part of the firm or a partner was stated in detail in the Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Whiting (1943) 68 CLR 199 case. Considering the case of Sonny, with all the data provided and analysed, it can be clearly stated that Sonny, being a creditor to the business was entitled to either an interest or a profit share. The point of her sharing profits with the other partners of the firm will not make her a partner of the business and thus further enhances the fact that mare profit sharing ratios and providing profits to creditors will not, in any way entitle them as a legitimate partner of the firm by the common laws of Australian Continent. Conclusion After analysing the factors stated above, we can conclude with the statement that Violet can be called a partner in the business, where, on the other hand, Sonny isnt a partner. So, as said in the various laws and cases given above, it can be confirmed that all the partners are liable to each others transactional dealings. Since, violet is a legitimate partner of the firm, even though her getting into contract was not told to her and her contractual terms went against it, she has to suffer the liabilities left behind by Rose and Mary, including the losses suffered by the business during that period. Since the other partners are out for vacation, Violet will suffer the liability of the bank, just as greatly as the other two. References Callison, J. W., Sullivan, M. A. (2012). Partnership Law and Practice: General and Limited Partnerships. West. Canny Gabriel Castle Advertising Pty Ltd Anor v Volume Sales (Finance) Pty Ltd (1974) 131 CLR 321 Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) Cox v Hickman (1880) 8 HL Cas 268 Federal Commissioner of Taxation v Whiting (1943) 68 CLR 199 Lang v James Morrison Co Ltd (1911) 13 CLR 1 at 11 Morse, G. (2010). Partnership law. Oxford University Press. Partnership Act 1963 (Cth) Television Broadcasters Ltd v Ashtons Nominees Pty Ltd (No 1) (1979) 22 SASR 552. Wiltshire v Kuenzli (1945) 63 WN 47

Statistical Data Analysis Business Decision Makers

Question: Discuss about the Statistical Data Analysis for Business Decision Makers. Answer: Introduction In each and every business data is generated. The data generated by the business can be analysed to provide useful insights into the business. The analysis of the data is generally done through the use of statistics. The results of the data analysis are important for the business manager, since on the basis of the analysis he takes decisions. The present report presents the analysis of the data on tourism sector which can be used to take business decisions. The present data is a survey of 50 accommodation providers. From an analysis of the data is found that 2 accommodation providers have not had any guests, and thus the data on the 2 accommodation providers is missing. Hence, the data contains the survey for only 48 accommodation providers. The discrete random variable selected is the number of beds. The continuous random variable is the average time spent by the guests at the accommodations. Descriptive Statistics The continuous variable selected is the average time spent by a guest in the accommodation. The descriptive statistics are shown in table 1 of Appendices (Sheet CI in Excel File). From the table we find that the average time spent by a guest at BB is 7.7150 hours which is more than the average time spent at the hotel, 7.5391 hours. The median hours spent by a guest at BB is 7.41 hours, which is more than the median hours spent by a guest at hotel 7.05 hours. The minimum and maximum time spent at BB is 5.96 hours is 11.95 hours. The minimum and maximum time spent at Hotels is 6.25 hours is 11.46 hours. The interquartile range of time spent at BB is 1.8250 which is more than the interquartile range of time spent at the hotel, 1.1550. Figure 1: Distribution of data for type of Accommodation (source created by author) From the figure (Sheet CI in Excel File) we find that the minimum and maximum time spent by a guest at the hotel is more than that at BB. Discrete Random Variable The discrete random variable can be defined as that variable whose values are discrete eg., the star rating of the accommodations. We calculated the probability of the star ratings of the accommodations (table 4 sheet 4 in Excel File). Inferential Statistics Confidence interval (CI) can be defined as the probability that the mean will lie within the given intervals. The 95% CI is given in table 2 of appendices (Sheet CI in Excel File). From the table we find that the 95% of the CI of average time spent by a guest at BB accommodations 6.9411 and 8.4889 hours with a mean of 7.7150 hours. Hence, there is a 95% probability that in a similar survey of 50 BB accommodations we would find that the mean time that a guest spends lies between 6.9411 hours and 8.4889 hours. The 95% CI for hotel accommodations is 7.0813 and 7.9968 hours with a mean of 7.5391 hours. Hence, we can say that in a similar survey of 50 hotel accommodations that there is a 95% probability that the mean time that a guest spends lies between 7.0813 and 7.9968 hours. Normal Distribution Normal distribution is used by statisticians for use in a whole array of data analysis. The normal distribution is generally depicted as a bell shaped curve. The normal distribution has also been described as a Gaussian distribution. For a normal distribution the probability distribution function is: In the above equation the mean of the normal distribution is given by m. The standard deviation of the normal distribution is given by s. In a normal distribution, the mean, median and mode are all equal. The mean, median and mode together are known as central tendency. In addition for a normal distribution the mean is equal to zero and the standard deviation is equal to 1. Normal distribution is a continuous distribution which is symmetric about the mean (Black 2016). Statisticians use the normal distribution to analyse the sampling distribution. In a survey (like in present case of tourism data) or business data if it is assumed that a variable is normally distributed then the mean and standard deviation of the sampling distribution can be established. The properties of normal distribution are applied for the analysis of the sampling distribution. Inferential statistics In inferential statistics we try to make inferences about the population from the sample data. We can also use inferential statistics to make probability estimates of the population. The central limit theorem is the basis of inferential statistics (Lomax and Hahs-Vaughn 2012). Inferential statistics provides us with the ability to draw conclusions about the populations with the help of the sample data. However the process by which the sample is collected is useful in determining the statistics that can be derived / inferred. The simple random sampling is important to make inferences since it is easy to make generalizations about the population from the sample. Regression analysis Regression analysis is used to predict the dependent variable from the independent variable. In the present assignment linear regression is used to predict the response variable (revenue on sample night) from the predictor variable (number of guests taking dinner). The linear regression model used is . In the above equation Y is the response variable and X is the predictor variable. The regression model can be described as: Revenue on sample night = b0 + b1 * Number of guests taking dinner. From the regression statistics we find that the regression equation is Revenue on sample night = 713.3846 + 46.19 * Number of guests taking dinner (table 5) In addition the R2 value is 0.677, which means that the 67.7% of the revenue generated can be predicted with the variable number of guests (table 6 Sheet Tourism in Excel Sheet). Interpolation and Extrapolation are important concepts in Regression analysis. Interpolation means predicting within the range and extrapolation means predicting outside the range of the sample. For example lets us take that on a particular night there were 80 guests taking dinner. Hence from the regression equation we can say that the revenue generated would be: Revenue generated = 713.3846 + 46.19 * Number of guests taking dinner = 713.3846 + 46.18 * 80 = 4407.78 Hence we can predict that, given on a particular night there would be 80 guests the revenue generated would be 4407.78. In addition, we are 67.7 % confident that 4407.78 would be generated. Hypothesis testing In statistics a hypothesis testing is used to investigate whether a given condition is true in a sample data. All hypothesis tests examine the presence of a Null hypothesis or an alternate hypothesis. For the present data we tested the hypothesis that the average time spent by a guest at BB type accommodation more than Hotel accommodation. Thus the null hypothesis for the present hypothesis: the average time spent at BB accommodation = the average time spent at Hotel Accommodation. The alternate hypothesis: the average time spent at BB accommodation the average time spent at Hotel Accommodation. To test the hypothesis we used the independent sample t-test assuming unequal variances. From table 7 (Sheet CI in Excel File) we find that the p-value is 0.704 (two tailed). Hence we find that there are statistically no significant differences between the mean time spent by a guest at BB accommodation compared to the mean time spent by a guest at a hotel. The p-value is used to evaluate the null hypothesis. If the p-value is more than the 0.05 (the significance level) then we fail to reject the null hypothesis. If the p-value is less than 0.05 then we accept the alternate the hypothesis. Conclusion In the present assignment we analysed a discrete random variable and a continuous random variable. After analysing the DRV and CRV we proceeded to forecast the revenue collected through the number of guests present at night through the use of regression analysis. As an extension of the regression analysis we predicted the revenue that can be collected when the number of guests would be 80. In addition we tested the hypothesis that the average occupancy at BB accommodation is more than that at hotels. Recommendation From an analysis of the above data we find that two of the BB accommodations did not have any guests. Also we find that BB have lesser number of guests as compared to Hotel accommodations. In addition we find that the number of guests taking breakfast at BB type accommodation is less as against Hotel accommodation. Thus BB type accommodation should try to investigate why lesser number of guests is staying at these accommodations even though they are cheap. Also they should try to find the reason behind less number of guests taking breakfast. More number of guests taking at BB accommodations can increase the revenue of BB accommodations. References Wang, M., Lu, Q., Chi, R.T. and Shi, W., 2015. How word-of-mouth moderates room price and hotel stars for online hotel booking an empirical investigation with Expedia data. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 16(1), p.72. Ladhari, R. and Michaud, M., 2015. eWOM effects on hotel booking intentions, attitudes, trust, and website perceptions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 46, pp.36-45. Black, K. (2016). Business Statistics, John Wiley. Lomax, R. and Hahs-Vaughn, D. (2012). An introduction to statistical concepts. 1st ed. New York: Routledge.